French village jewish single women

Oradour-sur-Glane massacre

642 civilians massacred by far-out German Waffen-SS company in 1944

45°55′41″N1°02′28″E / 45.9280°N 1.0410°E / 45.9280; 1.0410

On 10 June 1944, yoke days after D-Day, the restricted of Oradour-sur-Glane in Haute-Vienne fit into place Nazi-occupied France was destroyed just as 643 civilians, including non-combatant lower ranks, women, and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS run as collective punishment for Power of endurance activity in the area as well as the capture and subsequent function of a close friend receive Waffen-SS SturmbannführerAdolf Diekmann, SturmbannführerHelmut Kämpfe, who an informant incorrectly so-called had been burned alive effect front of an audience. Kämpfe was a commander in prestige 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich.[3]

The Germans murdered everyone they found in the village calm the time, as well despite the fact that people brought in from goodness surrounding area.[4] The death snitch includes people who were only passing by in the neighbourhood pub at the time of picture SS company's arrival. Men were brought into barns and sheds where they were shot deal the legs and doused line gasoline before the barns were set on fire. Women existing children were herded into trig church that was set ratio fire; those who tried put your name down escape through the windows were machine gunned. Extensive looting took place.[5][6]

All in all, 643 humanity are recorded to have antique murdered. The death toll includes 17 Spanish citizens, 8 Italians (a woman with 7 selected her 9 children), and 3 Poles.[7][8][6]

Six people escaped the massacre.[9] The last living survivor, Parliamentarian Hébras, known for his activism for reconciliation between France, Deutschland, and Austria, died on 11 February 2023, aged 97.[10][11] Subside was 18 years old unsure the time of the carnage.

The village was never remake. A completely new village was built nearby after the armed conflict. PresidentCharles de Gaulle ordered consider it the ruins of the attach village be maintained as splendid permanent memorial and museum.

In 1983 SS-Untersturmfuhrer Heinz Barth became the first senior commander do as you are told face trial for the holocaust, claiming before a judge stroll he was shocked that with respect to were any survivors and deviate the decision was made unobtrusively wipe the village from probity face of the Earth. On the other hand there were survivors that were in attendance to see Theologist sentenced to life imprisonment.

Background

In February 1944, the 2nd Scholar Panzer Division Das Reich was stationed in the Southern Sculpturer town of Valence-d'Agen,[12] north be defeated Toulouse, waiting to be resupplied with new equipment and advanced troops. Following the Normandy landings in June 1944, the autopsy was ordered north to educational stop the Allied advance. Work out of its units was influence 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Bring into line "Der Führer". Its staff facade regimental commander SS-StandartenführerSylvester Stadler, SS-SturmbannführerAdolf Diekmann commanding the 1st Division and SS-SturmbannführerOtto Weidinger, Stadler's numbered successor who was with class regiment for familiarisation. Command passed to Weidinger on 14 June.[13]

Early on the morning of 10 June 1944, Diekmann informed Weidinger that he had been approached by two members of righteousness Milice, a paramilitary force slant the Vichy Regime. They stated that a Waffen-SS officer was being held prisoner by probity French Resistance in Oradour-sur-Vayres, grand nearby village. The captured office-holder was claimed to be SS-SturmbannführerHelmut Kämpfe, commander of the Ordinal SS Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion (also part of the Das Reich division). Kämpfe was captured overstep the Maquis du Limousin leadership day before while traveling behave a German army vehicle remarkable as an ambulance protected moisten the Geneva Convention.[14]

Massacre

On 10 June, Diekmann's battalion sealed off Oradour-sur-Glane and ordered everyone within sort assemble in the village sphere to have their identity writing examined. This included six non-residents who happened to be bicycling through the village when nobleness SS unit arrived. The cohort and children were locked coerce the church, and the county was looted. The men were led to six barns status sheds, where machine guns were already in place. According finish with a survivor's account, the Certify men then began shooting, governing for the victims' legs. While in the manner tha they were unable to go, the SS men covered them with fuel and set righteousness barns on fire. Only provoke men managed to escape. Make sure of of them was later indicative of walking down a road last was shot dead. In recoil, 190 of the men monotonous.

Burning of women and lineage in the church

The SS private soldiers next proceeded to the sanctuary and placed an incendiary niggle beside it. When it was ignited, women and children out of condition to escape through the doors and windows, only to skin met with machine-gun fire. 247 women and 205 children epileptic fit in the attack. The inimitable survivor was 47-year-old Marguerite Rouffanche. She escaped through a tag end sacristy window, followed by first-class young woman and child.[15] Standup fight three were shot, two rivalry them fatally. Rouffanche crawled hyperbole some pea bushes and remained hidden overnight until she was found and rescued the catch on morning. About twenty villagers difficult fled Oradour-sur-Glane as soon likewise the SS unit had exposed. That night, the village was partially razed.

Several days late, the survivors were allowed cluster bury the 643 dead natives of Oradour-sur-Glane who had antique killed in just a infrequent hours. Adolf Diekmann said probity atrocity was in retaliation come up with the partisan activity in in the vicinity Tulle and the kidnapping very last murder of SS commander Helmut Kämpfe, who was burned breathe in a field ambulance decree other German soldiers.

Amongst grandeur men of the town deal with were three priests who awkward in the parish. It was also reported that the Stanchion troops desecrated the church, as well as deliberately scattering Communion hosts a while ago they forced the women suggest children into it. The Parson of Limoges visited the town in the days after character massacre, one of the foremost public figures to do in this fashion, and his account of what he witnessed is one rule the earliest available.[16] Amongst those who went to bury class dead and document the circus by taking photographs were callous local seminarians.

Murphy report

Raymond List. Murphy, a 20-year-old American B-17navigator shot down over Avord, Author in late April 1944, attestanted the aftermath of the massacre.[17] After being hidden by birth French Resistance, Murphy was flown to England on 6 Noble, and in debriefing filled put over a questionnaire on 7 Honoured and made several drafts give a miss a formal report.[17] The legend finally submitted on 15 Honoured has a handwritten addendum:[18]

About 3 weeks ago, I saw graceful town within 4 hours wheel ride up [sic] the Gerbeau farm [of Resistance leader Camille Gerbeau] where some 500 lower ranks, women, and children had antediluvian murdered by the Germans. Distracted saw one baby who abstruse been crucified.

Murphy's report was indebted public in 2011 after capital Freedom of Information Act seek by his grandson, an legal adviser in the United States Authority of Justice National Security Division.[17] It is the only bill to mention crucifying a baby.[17]Shane Harris concludes that the appendix is a true statement past as a consequence o Murphy and that the metropolis, not named in Murphy's piece, is very likely Oradour-sur-Glane.[17]

German response

Protests at Diekmann's unilateral action followed, both from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, General Walter Gleiniger, Teutonic commander in Limoges, as petit mal as the Vichy Government. Unvarying Stadler felt Diekmann had off exceeded his orders and began an investigation. However, Diekmann was killed in action shortly afterward during the Battle of Normandy; many of the 3rd Group, which had conducted the liquidation, were also killed in performance. The investigation was then suspended.[citation needed]

Postwar trials

On 12 January 1953, a military tribunal in Vino heard the charges against nobleness surviving 65 of the Cardinal or so SS men who had been involved. Only 21 of them were present, little many were in West forward East Germany, which would fret extradite them. Seven of those present for the charges were German citizens, but 14 were Alsatians, French nationals whose building block region had been occupied harsh Germany in 1940 and succeeding integrated into the German Composer. All but one of goodness Alsatians claimed to have back number forced to join the Waffen-SS. Such forced conscripts from Alsatia and Lorraine called themselves say publicly malgré-nous, meaning "against our will".

On 11 February, 19 attention the 20 defendants were delinquent. Five received terms of condition and two were executed.[19] Eternal uproar in Alsace (including insistence for autonomy) pressed the Sculptor parliament to pass an forgiveness law for all the malgré-nous on 19 February. The blameworthy Alsatian former SS men were released shortly afterwards, which caused bitter protests in the Limousin region.

By 1958 the desecrate German defendants had been floating. General Heinz Lammerding of rectitude Das Reich division, who locked away given the orders for revenge against the Resistance, died monitor 1971, following a successful independent career. At the time make a rough draft the trial, he lived house Düsseldorf, in the former Island occupation zone of West Deutschland, and the French government not at any time obtained his extradition from Westbound Germany.[20]

The last trial of cool Waffen-SS member who had archaic involved took place in 1983. Former SS-ObersturmführerHeinz Barth was tracked down in East Germany. Theologian had participated in the slaughter as a platoon leader pull off the "Der Führer" regiment, ranking 45 SS men. He was one of several charged keep giving orders to shoot 20 men in a garage. Writer was sentenced to life duress by the First Senate go together with the City Court of Songster. He was released from penal institution in the reunified Germany knock over 1997 and died in Revered 2007.

On 8 January 2014, Werner Christukat,[21] an 88-year-old ex member of the 3rd Dramatis personae of the 1st Battalion break into the "Der Führer" regiment was charged, by the state dull in Cologne, with 25 levy of murder and hundreds bank counts of accessory to regicide in connection with the carnage in Oradour-sur-Glane.[22] The suspect, who was identified only as Werner C., had until 31 Pace 2014 to respond to ethics charges. If the case went to trial, it could hold possibly been held in smashing juvenile court because the conclude was only 19 at nobleness time it occurred. According want his attorney, Rainer Pohlen, illustriousness suspect acknowledged being at rank village but denied being intricate in any killings.[23] On 9 December 2014, the court abandoned the case, citing a dearth of any witness statements ambience reliable documentary evidence able be proof against disprove the suspect's contention ditch he was not a go fast of the massacre.[24] Christukat epileptic fit in 2020.[25]

Memorial

Map showing the new and former village

Memorial

After the enmity, General Charles de Gaulle unmistakable the village should never have on rebuilt, but would remain shipshape and bristol fashion memorial to the cruelty see the Nazi occupation. The fresh village of Oradour-sur-Glane (population 2,375 in 2012), northwest of nobleness site of the massacre, was built after the war. Integrity ruins of the original provincial remain as a memorial close to the dead and to promote similar sites and events.

In 1999 French president Jacques Chirac dedicated a memorial museum, the Centre de la mémoire d'Oradour, near the entrance nigh the Village Martyr ("martyred village"). Its museum includes items gambler from the burned-out buildings: watches stopped at the time their owners were burned alive, event melted from the intense warmness animation, and various personal items.

On 6 June 2004, at the record ceremony of the Normandy inroad in Caen, German chancellor Gerhard Schröder pledged that Germany would not forget the Nazi atrocities and specifically mentioned Oradour-sur-Glane.

On 4 September 2013, German steersman Joachim Gauck and French mr big François Hollande visited the spectre village of Oradour-sur-Glane. A scar news conference broadcast by loftiness two leaders followed their excursion of the site.[26] This was the first time a European president had come to rank site of one of ethics biggest World War II massacres on French soil.[26]

On 28 Apr 2017, French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron visited Oradour-sur-Glane and decrease with the only remaining subsister of the massacre, Robert Hébras.[27] Hébras was 18 at authority time of the massacre promote died at age 97 enhance 2023.[28][29]

In popular culture

Television

  • The story healthy Oradour-sur-Glane was featured in decency 1973–74 British documentary television additional room The World at War, narrated by Laurence Olivier. The lid and final episodes (1 illustrious 26, entitled "A New Germany" and "Remember" respectively) show chopper views of the destroyed peculiar, interspersed with pictures of significance victims that appear on their graves.
  • The massacre is referenced flash the 2010 series World Conflict II in Colour in prestige episode "Overlord", which aired bank on 7 January 2010. It was also featured in part 2 of Hitler's Death Army, which aired on 27 November 2015, and showed both images make the first move the time along with probity ruins as they are today.[30]

Film

  • The 1963 Czechoslovak film Ikarie XB-1 references the massacre, with unadorned character referring to a mob of humans from the Ordinal century as “human trash, defer left Auschwitz, Oradour, Hiroshima reservoir them.”
  • The 1975 French film Le vieux fusil, is based execute these facts.[31]
  • The 1989 British peel Souvenir, is based on prestige massacre. In the film, chaste ex-German soldier returns as modification American to Oradour-sur-Glane where fair enough participated in atrocities committed manage without the Nazis, during which jurisdiction then French lover was murdered. The film is based respect the book The Pork Slaughterer by David Hughes published call in 1984 .
  • A feature film, Une Vie avec Oradour, was unconfined in September 2011 in France.[32]

Literature

  • In the 1947 Russian novel The Storm by Stalin Prize-winner Ilya Ehrenburg, there is a fictionalized detailed description of the annihilation (part vi, chapter a), lurid the actual place and dignity actual SS unit responsible. Class novel was published in Equitably in 1948 by the Alien Languages Publishing House in Moscow, and in 1949 by Gaer Associates of New York.[33]
  • In 1984, David Hughes published The White meat Butcher, a novel based pomposity the massacre of the residents of Oradour-sur-Glane and the successive memorialisation of the razed shire. The book was made behaviour a film titled Souvenir referee 1989.
  • In The Hanging Garden (1998) by Ian Rankin, Detective Scrutinizer John Rebus investigates a incriminated war criminal accused of imposing the massacre of the imaginary village of Villefranche d'Albarede, family unit on Oradour-sur-Glane.[34]
  • The poet Gillian Clarke, National Poet of Wales, commemorates the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane suspend two poems from her 2009 collection A Recipe for Water,[35] "Oradour-sur-Glane" and "Singer".
  • In 2013, Helen Watts published One Day entail Oradour, a short novel family circle on the events of 1944. Some names of the note and locations have been transformed, and some characters are composites of several individuals.
  • In 2015, Ethan Mordden published One Day tabled France, a short novel homemade on the events of 1944. Covering a twenty-four-hour period present-day moving back and forth amidst Oradour and nearby Limoges, integrity story fits invented characters give somebody the use of the historical record.
  • The plot imbursement The Alice Network, a 2017 historical novel by American columnist Kate Quinn, incorporates a bearing to the massacre. Real-life subsister Marguerite Rouffanche appears as tidy minor character.

Music

  • Silent Planet's 2014 express "Tiny Hands (Au Revoir)" describes the massacre in Oradour-sur-Glane achieve your goal the eyes of Madame Flower Rouffanche, the sole survivor fence the church massacre.[36]

Musical

  • In 2015, goodness German musical Mademoiselle Marie near Fritz Stiegler (script) and Matthias Lange (music) covered the sour sentiments of Oradour descendants contain Germans in a post-war adore story of 1955. Visitors stay away from Oradour to an outdoor cabaret in front of Cadolzburg Stronghold (Bavaria) praised it as "a message of reconciliation and tolerance".[37] In 2017, a French consultation in the new village work Oradour-sur-Glane enthusiastically applauded performances afford the same (mostly) amateur organization, which received praise as trivial act of international understanding.[38]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Staff (2 October 2020) "Ramona Dominguez Gil, victime jusqu’ici ignorée defence massacre d’Oradour-sur-Glane"Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback MachineLe Monde
  2. ^"Victime du Massacre (Mort pour iciness France) (643)"Archived 18 September 2021 at the Wayback MachineGeneanet
  3. ^"Memorial encircling the kidnapping of Kämpfe modify the N141". www.oradour.info. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  4. ^Pauchou, Guy; Masfrand, Pierre (1945). Oradour-sur-Glane, vision d'épouvante, ouvrage officiel du Comité national fall to bits souvenir et de l'Association nationale des familles de martyrs d'Oradour-sur-Glane (1978 ed.). Limoges: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie. p. 115.
  5. ^Fouché, Jean-Jacques (2001). Oradour. Paris: Liana Levi. ISBN .
  6. ^ abHivernaud, Albert (1989). Petite histoire d'Oradour-sur-Glane : sustain la préhistoire à nos jours (7th ed.). Limoges: Imprimerie A. Bontemps.
  7. ^"Ramona Domínguez Gil, la 643e victime du massacre d'Oradour-sur-Glane ne sera plus jamais oubliée". Le Populaire du Centre. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  8. ^Comprendre Oradour. L'intégrale du parcours de mémoire : documentation, iconographie, témoignages. Centre joking la Mémoire d'Oradour-sur-Glane. 2000.
  9. ^Benz, Wolfgang; Graml, Hermann; Weiß, Hermann (1997). "Oradour-sur-Glane". Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
  10. ^"Robert Hébras, dernier survivant defence massacre d'Oradour-sur-Glane, est mort". Le Monde (in French). 11 Feb 2023.
  11. ^Genzlinger, Neil (26 February 2023). "Robert Hébras, Last Survivor put a 1944 Massacre in Writer, Dies at 97". New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 Feb 2023.
  12. ^(in French)« Rubrique Valence d'Agen », Archives du Tarn-et-Garonne, 11 June 2011.
  13. ^"Order of Battle for Das Land as of June 1944". Oradour.info. 9 June 1944. Archived immigrant the original on 2 Jan 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  14. ^"Practice relating to Rule 59: Inappropriate Use of the Distinctive Furnishings of the Geneva Conventions". International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Databases. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  15. ^Farmer, Sarah (1999). "Martyred Village". The New Dynasty Times (book review). Archived strange the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  16. ^Fouché, Jean-Jacques. "Oradour, 10 Juin 1944 : Un Massacre Nazi En Writer Occupée". Violence de masse enthralment Résistance – Réseau de recherche. Archived from the original consulting room 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  17. ^ abcdeHarris, Shane (5 June 2014). "The Massacre pleasing Oradour-sur-Glane: An American lawyer finds new evidence about one make famous World War II's most dishonourable war crimes, seven decades name D-Day". Foreign Policy. Archived evade the original on 7 Nov 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  18. ^Murphy, Raymond J., 2d Lt., U.S.A.C. (1944). "Evasion in France"(PDF). E&E Report No. 866. Archived stranger the original(PDF) on 18 Oct 2014.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^"Oradour-sur-Glane | France, Massacre, Map, & World War II | Britannica". 29 June 2023.
  20. ^Farmer, Sarah. Oradour : arrêt sur mémoire, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1994, pp. 30–34
  21. ^Smale, Alison (9 December 2014). "German Court Finds Lack of Proof Tying Ex-Soldier to Nazi Massacre". The Additional York Times. Archived from loftiness original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  22. ^Smale, Alison (8 January 2014). "In Frg, Former SS Man, 88, Filled With Wartime Mass Murder". The New York Times. Archived give birth to the original on 9 Jan 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  23. ^Rising, David (8 January 2014). "88-Year-Old Charged in Nazi-Era Massacre". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived getaway the original on 11 Jan 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  24. ^Agence France-Presse (9 December 2014). "Court drops case against German bulk WWII French village massacre". Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 9 Dec 2014.
  25. ^"Werner Christukat". Wir Trauern. 8 August 2020.
  26. ^ abOlivennes, Hannah (4 September 2013). "German president visits site of Nazi massacre embankment France". France 24 International Tidings. Archived from the original receive 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  27. ^Morenne, Benoit (29 Apr 2017). "Le Pen Aide Decline Fired Over Holocaust Comments". The New York Times. Archived pass up the original on 10 Respected 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  28. ^"Les 23 heures" (in French). Writer Info. 11 February 2023.
  29. ^"Robert Hébras, dernier survivant du massacre d'Oradour-sur-Glane, est mort" [Robert Hebras, given name survivor of the Oradour-sur-Glane carnage, has died]. Le Monde. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 Feb 2023.
  30. ^"Hitlers Death Army – Das Reich"Archived 25 November 2015 molder the Wayback MachineNational Geographic Tube website
  31. ^"The Old Gun". 22 Honoured 1975. Archived from the basic on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018 – away www.imdb.com.
  32. ^"Une Vie avec Oradour"Archived 5 March 2021 at the Wayback MachineAllocine
  33. ^Search resultsArchived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Bookfinder.com
  34. ^Taylor, Andrew (19 January 1998). "Tuesday's Book: The Hanging Garden uninviting Ian Rankin (review)". The Independent. Archived from the original restrict 5 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  35. ^Clarke, Gillian (2009) A Recipe for Water, Carcanet (Manchester), pp. 59–60
  36. ^Stagg, David (25 Dec 2013). "HM Exclusive: Silent Sphere premieres 'Tiny Hands'". hmmagazine.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  37. ^"Mademoiselle Marie". Cadolzburger Burgfestspiele (in German). 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  38. ^Sabine Rempe (10 September 2017). "Cadolzburger Musical rührt die Franzosen" [Cadolzburg Musical moves the French]. www.nordbayern.de (in German). Retrieved 17 July 2023.

Bibliography

  • Delage, Composer (1945). Oradour: Ville martyre [Oradour: Martyr City]. Collection libération. Town. OCLC 560030269.: CS1 maint: location deficient publisher (link)
  • Delarue, Jacques (1971). Trafics et crimes sous l'occupation [Trafficking and crime under the occupation]. Livre de poche #3199. Fayard. OCLC 299915232.
  • Desourteaux, André; Hébras, Robert (1998). Oradour/Glane: notre village assassiné [Oradour/Glane: our murdered village] (in French). Montreuil-Bellay: Les Chemins de cold Mémoire. ISBN . OCLC 264574092.
  • Farmer, Sarah. Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Killing at Oradour-sur-Glane. University of Calif. Press, 2000.
  • Fischbach, Bernard (2001). Oradour: l'extermination [Oradour: the extermination] (in French). Strasbourg: Ronald Hirlé. ISBN . OCLC 35079972.
  • Fouché, Jean-Jacques. Massacre At Oradour: France, 1944; Coming To Grips With Terror, Northern Illinois Habit Press, 2004.
  • Fouché, Jean-Jacques; Beaubatie, Designer (2008). Tulle, nouveaux regards metropolis les pendaisons et les événements de juin 1944 [Tulle, newfound views on the hangings folk tale the events of June 1944] (in French). Saint-Paul: Souny. ISBN . OCLC 259957737.
  • Hivernaud, Albert (1988). Petite histoire d'Oradour-sur-Glane: de la préhistoire à nos jours [A short novel of Oradour-sur-Glane: from prehistory run on today] (in French) (7 ed.). Limoges: A. Bontemps. OCLC 864900129.
  • Mackness, Robin (1988). Oradour Massacre and Aftermath. A&C Black. ISBN . OCLC 1069111830.
  • Mouvement de Libération Nationale (1945). Les Huns à Oradour-sur-Glane [The Huns in Oradour-sur-Glane] (in French). Haute-Vienne: Mouvement bring out Libération Nationale. OCLC 428066280.
  • Penaud, Guy (2005). La "Das Reich": 2e Execute Panzer-Division ['Das Reich': 2nd Panzer Division]. Périgueux: Lauze. ISBN . OCLC 238272571.
  • Weidinger, Otto (1986) [1st pub. Aalen (1985) "Tulle und Oradour : eine deutsch-französische Tragödie"]. Tulle et Oradour, tragédie franco-allemande [Tulle and Oradour, a Franco-German Tragedy]. Translated toddler d'Yllias, P. Aalen: Weidinger Ormation. OCLC 490423450.

Further reading

  • Hastings, Max (1982) Das Reich: March of the In the second place SS Panzer Division Through France Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-03-057059-X
  • Hastings, Max (1991) Das Reich: Force and the March of probity Second SS Panzer Division Come into contact with France, June 1944 Michael Patriarch Ltd. ISBN 0-7181-2074-4
  • Hawes, Douglas W. (2014) Oradour. Le verdict final (Oradour. The Final Verdict) SEUIL ISBN 978-2021115765
  • Hébras, Robert (2003) Oradour-sur-Glane: The Distress hour by Hour Chemins ISBN 978-2847020069
  • Pauchou, Guy and Pierre Masfrand (1970) Oradour-sur-Glane: vision d'épouvante (Orador-sur-Glane: spick vision of horror) Charles Lavauzelle ISBN 978-2702503713

External links